Although different theologians SCHISMATIC SECTs of SCHISMATICs such as Ashaereh and Imamieh have different ideas about the principles and branches of religion, but they are unanimous on montheism that is the religious pivot of Islam. Inspite of this, they present different, sometines antithetical commentaries which are the roots of all disputes and differences. Theologians SCHISMATIC who lay stress on rational reasons about monotheism by emphasising the absolute simplicity of substance and negating the unity of quality and the qualified, believe in disqualified substance, and then the discrite the qualities that are introduced in the Quran they have to exaggerate. If we consider their ideas about God" s authority and knowledge we will see that they negate those qualities.

The genus Silene, with more than 100 species in Iran is an important genus of Iranian flora. According to available data on the northwestern parts of Iran, including three provinces of Ardabil, East and West Azarbaijan are considered as a major diversity center of perennial species of the genus Silene in Iran. In the course of a revision of Silenein this area, some interesting specimens were collected which are new records from Iran. In this paper, occurrence of Silene dianthoides (SECT. Caespitosae), and S. chustupica (SECT. Auriculatae) are reported. The name S. dianthoidesis used for previous records of S. marcowiczii which is more likely conspecific. Both species are growing in alpine zone. The previously evaluated threatened status of S. chustupica as critically endangered according to IUCN red list categories is discussed here. The taxonomical descriptions, geographical distribution and the ecology of the new records are provided and their photographs are also presented.

In this research, plant morphology and pollen micromorphology of 14 populations of 3 species belonging to two SECTions Plethiosphace and Hemisphace of Salvia genus in Iran were studied. In the morphological study 25 quantitative and qualitative characters were investigated and the results clearly separated the species into two groups. The pollen grains from the herbarium specimens were prepared by acetolysis method and then 4 quantitative characters were examined by light microscopy. Data was processed by principal component analysis method. Results indicated that although the pollen grains in the SECTion were comparatively homogenous and all of them were 6-colpate with reticulate ornamentation, a considerable variation in the quantitative characters studied turned out to exist. However among the characters studied, equatorial and polar diameters of pollen grains were the most significant and based on these characters the members of these SECTions can be divided into two groups.

Introduction: Trifolium is one of the important genus in Fabaceae family comprises 250 annual and perenial species in the world. Between annual species in Vesicaria SECTion specially T. tomentosum, T.bullatum and T. clusii have similarity specially in flower and fruit morphology, so their distinction is difficult.Aim: Morphological study of pollen grain in these species were used for evaluating the Zohary classification in this SECTion.Material and method: Specimen from Vesicaria SECTion was gathered from different parts of Iran. By using SEM, P, E, PIE and furrow length, ornamentation of exine surface in equitorial and polar view, were specified for each species in 3 samples.Result: Pollen shape is oblong, and ornamentation of pollen surface is reticulate to rugose. The largest pollen grain belongs to T.fragiferum and the smallest one belongs to T.clusii. The characters such as ornamentation surface, P, E and furrow length were considered as the most important resource of variation by factor analysis. The species identification key were prepared accordingly.Conclusion: These results showed that pollen sculpture can separate T. tomentosun from T. bullatum that have similarity in morphology. Also, the most varieties characters such as P, E and exine sculpture, can identify other species.

There many unknowns about Amir Alishir Navai's thoughts. He was the one of the great politicians and cultural characters of the last decades of the Timurids era. Historians have different opinions about his ethnicity and his religious beliefs. Some say he was a twelve imamer Shia, some say he was Sunni, some say he was sufi and some say he was not belong to a religious community. This led the writer to have a critical look at the existing documents and to review the historical evidences to find out more about his actual thoughts. Reviewing the historical evidences implies that he was neither Shia nor Sunni nor a perfect Sufi. He was only a religious man and his thoughts were influenced by aspects of different religions.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

Among the rich materials collected from different parts of Iran, three new species from Astragalus SECTion Incani DC. including; A. culminates Maassoumi, Kazempour Osaloo & Joharchi, A. elezgensis, Maassoumi & Kazempour Osaloo and A. kalatehensis Maassoumi & Kazempour Osaloo as new species are described and illustrated.  

Astragalus hotkanensis is described as a new species from south east Iran. This species belongs to the SECT. Microphysa Bunge. The related species are A. meimandicus, and A. reuterianus.

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major SECTs of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).